1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Orudis 100
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
In terms of the active ingredient
Ketoprofen 100mg
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Capsules
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Recommended in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute articular and periarticular disorders, (bursitis, capsulitis, synovitis, tendinitis), cervical spondylitis, low back pain (strain, lumbago, sciatica, fibrositis), painful musculoskeletal conditions, acute gout, dysmenorrhoea and control of pain and inflammation following orthopaedic surgery.
Orudis reduces joint pain and inflammation and facilitates increase in mobility and functional independence.
It does not cure the underlying disease.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Oral dosage 50 - 100mg twice daily, morning and evening, depending on patient's weight and on the severity of symptoms.
The maximum daily dose is 200mg. The balance of risks and benefits should be carefully considered before commencing treatment with 200mg daily, and higher doses are not recommended (see also section 4.4).
Best results are obtained by titrating dosage to suit each patient: start with a low dosage in mild chronic disease and a high dosage in acute or severe disease. Some patients derive greater benefit by treatment with capsules only, some with a combined capsule/suppository regimen and others with a higher dosage at night time than at early morning. Where patients require a maximum oral dosage initially, an attempt should be made to reduce this dosage for maintenance since lower dosage might be better tolerated for purposes of long-term treatment.
Elderly: The elderly are at increased risk of the serious consequences of adverse reactions. If an NSAID is considered necessary, the lowest effective dose should be used and for the shortest possible duration. The patient should be monitored regularly for GI bleeding during NSAID therapy.
Paediatric dosage: Not established.
To limit occurrence of gastrointestinal disturbance, capsules should always be taken with food (milk, meals).
Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms (see section 4.4).
4.3 Contraindications
Ketoprofen is contraindicated in patients who have a history of hypersensitivity reactions such as bronchospasm, asthmatic attacks, rhinitis, angioedema, urticaria or other allergic-type reactions to ketoprofen, any other ingredients in this medicine, ASA or other NSAIDs. Severe, rarely fatal, anaphylactic reactions have been reported in such patients (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects).
Ketoprofen is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any of the excipients of the drug.
Ketoprofen is also contraindicated in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Ketoprofen is contraindicated in the following cases:
- severe heart failure
- active or history of recurrent peptic ulcer/haemorrhage (two or more distinct episodes of proven ulceration or bleeding)
- history of gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, related to previous NSAIDs therapy
- haemorrhagic diathesis
- severe hepatic insufficiency
- severe renal insufficiency
- third trimester of pregnancy
Disease in children (safety/dosage during long-term treatment has not been established).
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms (see section 4.2 Posology and method of administration, and GI and cardiovascular risks below).
The use of ketoprofen with concomitant NSAIDs including cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors should be avoided (see section 4.5 Interactions).
Elderly:
The elderly have an increased risk of adverse reactions to NSAIDs, especially gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation which may be fatal (see Section 4.2 Posology and method of administration).
Cardiovascular, Renal and Hepatic impairment:
At the start of treatment, renal function must be carefully monitored in patients with heart impairment, heart failure, liver dysfunction, cirrhosis and nephrosis, in patients receiving diuretic therapy, in patients with chronic renal impairment, particularly if the patient is elderly. In these patients, administration of ketoprofen may induce a reduction in renal blood flow caused by prostaglandin inhibition and lead to renal decomposition. (see Section 4.3 Contra-indications).
NSAIDs have also been reported to cause nephrotoxicity in various forms and this can lead to interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and renal failure.
In patients with abnormal liver function tests or with a history of liver disease, transaminase levels should be evaluated periodically, particularly during long-term therapy. Rare cases of jaundice and hepatitis have been described with ketoprofen.
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects
Appropriate monitoring and advice are required for patients with a history of hypertension and/or mild to moderate congestive heart failure as fluid retention and oedema have been reported in association with NSAID therapy.
Clinical trial and epidemiological data suggest that use of some NSAIDs (particularly at high doses and in long-term treatment) may be associated with a small increased risk of arterial thrombotic events (for example myocardial infarction or stroke). There are insufficient data to exclude such a risk for ketoprofen.
Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, congestive heart failure, established ischaemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease should only be treated with ketoprofen after careful consideration. Similar consideration should be made before initiating long-term treatment in patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking).
Respiratory disorders:
Patients with asthma combined with chronic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, and/or nasal polyposis have a higher risk of allergy to aspirin and/or NSAIDs than the rest of the population. Administration of this medicinal product can cause asthma attacks or bronchospasm, particularly in subjects allergic to aspirin or NSAIDs (see section 4.3).
Gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration and perforation:
GI bleeding, ulceration or perforation, which can be fatal, has been reported with all NSAIDs at any time during treatment, with or without warning symptoms or a previous history of serious GI events.
Some epidemiological evidence suggests that ketoprofen may be associated with a high risk of serious gastrointestinal toxicity, relative to some other NSAIDs, especially at high doses (see also section 4.2 and 4.3).
The risk of GI bleeding, ulceration or perforation is higher with increasing NSAlD doses, in patients with a history of ulcer, particularly if complicated with haemorrhage or perforation (see section 4.3), and in the elderly. These patients should commence treatment on the lowest dose available. Combination therapy with protective agents (e.g. misoprostol or proton pump inhibitors) should be considered for these patients, and also for patients requiring concomitant low dose aspirin, or other drugs likely to increase gastrointestinal risk (see below and section 4.5).
NSAIDs should only be given with care to patients with a history of gastrointestinal disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) as these conditions may be exacerbated (see Section 4.8 Undesirable effects).
Patients with a history of gastrointestinal toxicity, particularly when elderly, should report any unusual abdominal symptoms (especially GI bleeding), particularly in the initial stages of treatment.
Caution should be advised in patients receiving concomitant medications which could increase the risk of ulceration or bleeding, such as corticosteroids, or anticoagulants such as warfarin, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors or anti-platelet agents such as aspirin (see Section 4.5).
When GI bleeding or ulceration occurs in patients receiving ketoprofen, the treatment should be withdrawn.
SLE and mixed connective tissue disease:
In patients with systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disorders, there may be an increased risk of aseptic meningitis (see Section 4.8 Undesirable effects).
Female fertility:
The use of ketoprofen, as with other NSAIDs, may impair female fertility and is not recommended in women attempting to conceive. In women who have difficulty conceiving or who are undergoing investigation of infertility, withdrawal of ketoprofen should be considered.
Skin reactions:
Serious skin reactions, some of them fatal, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported very rarely in association with the use of NSAIDs. Patients appear to be at highest risk of these reactions early in the course of therapy, the onset of the reaction occurring in the majority of cases within the first month of treatment. Treatment should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity.
Infectious disease:
As with other NSAIDs, in the presence of an infectious disease, it should be noted that the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and the antipyretic properties of ketoprofen may mask the usual signs of infection progression such as fever.
Visual disturbances:
If visual disturbances such as blurred vision occur, treatment should be discontinued.
Patients with active or a past history of peptic ulcer.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Anticoagulants (heparin and warfarin) and platelet aggregation inhibitors (i.e. ticlopidine, clopidogrel):
Increased risk of bleeding (see section 4.4).
If coadministration is unavoidable, patient should be closely monitored.
Lithium:
Risk of elevation of lithium plasma levels, sometimes reaching toxic levels due to decreased lithium renal excretion. Where necessary, plasma lithium levels should be closely monitored and the lithium dosage levels adjusted during and after NSAIDs therapy.
Other analgesics/NSAIDs (including cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors) and high dose salicylates:
Avoid concomitant use of two or more NSAIDs (including aspirin) as this may increase the risk of adverse effects, particularly gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding. (see Section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
Methotrexate:
Serious interactions have been recorded after the use of high dose methotrexate with NSAIDs, including ketoprofen, due to decreased elimination of methotrexate. At doses greater than 15mg/week:
Increased risk of haematologic toxicity of methotrexate, particularly if administered at high doses (> 15 mg/week), possibly related to displacement of protein-bound methotrexate and to its decreased renal clearance. At doses lower than 15mg/week: During the first weeks of combination treatment, full blood count should be monitored weekly. If there is any alteration of the renal function or if the patient is elderly, monitoring should be done more frequently.
Mifepristone:
NSAIDs should not be used for 8-12 days after mifepristone administration as NSAIDs can reduce the effect of mifepristone.
Pentoxifylline:
There is an increased risk of bleeding. More frequent clinical monitoring and monitoring of bleeding time is required.
Antihypertensive agents (beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics):
Risk of decreased antihypertensive potency (inhibition of vasodilator prostaglandins by NSAIDs)
Diuretics:
Risk of reduced diuretic effect. Patients and particularly dehydrated patients taking diuretics are at a greater risk of developing renal failure secondary to a decrease in renal blood flow caused by prostaglandin inhibition. Such patients should be rehydrated before initiating coadministration therapy and renal function monitored when the treatment is started (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
Cardiac glycosides:
NSAIDs may exacerbate cardiac failure, reduce GFR and increase plasma glycoside levels.
Ciclosporin:
Increased risk of nephrotoxicity, particularly in elderly subjects.
Corticosteroids:
Increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding. (see Section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
Quinolone antibiotics:
Animal data indicate that NSAIDs can increase the risk of convulsions associated with quinolone antibiotics. Patients taking NSAIDs and quinolones may have an increased risk of developing convulsions.
Tacrolimus:
Possible increased risk of nephrotoxicity when NSAIDs are given with tacrolimus, particularly in elderly subjects.
Thrombolytics:
Increased risk of bleeding.
Probenecid:
Concomitant administration of probenecid may markedly reduce the plasma clearance of ketoprofen.
Anti-platelet agents and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin II Antagonists:
In patients with compromised renal function (e.g. dehydrated patients or elderly patients the co-administration of an ACE inhibitor or Angiotensin II antagonist and agents that inhibit cyclooxygenase may result in further deterioration of renal function, including possible acute renal failure.
Zidovudine:
Increased risk of haematological toxicity when NSAlDs are given with zidovudine. There is evidence of an increased risk of haemarthroses and haematoma in HIV(+) haemophiliacs receiving concurrent treatment with zidovudine and ibuprofen.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may adversely affect the pregnancy and/or the embryo/foetal development. Data from epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of miscarriage and of cardiac malformation and gastroschisis after use of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor in early pregnancy. The absolute risk for cardiovascular malformation was increased from less than 1%, up to approximately 1.5%. The risk is believed to increase with dose and duration of therapy. In animals, administration of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor has been shown to result in increased pre- and post-implantation loss and embryo-foetal lethality. In addition, increased incidences of various malformations, including cardiovascular, have been reported in animals given a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor during the organogenetic period. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy, ketoprofen should not be given unless clearly necessary. If ketoprofen is used by a woman attempting to conceive, or during the first and second trimester of pregnancy, the dose should be kept as low and duration of treatment as short as possible.
During the third trimester of pregnancy, all prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors may expose the foetus to:
- cardiopulmonary toxicity (with premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension);
- renal dysfunction, which may progress to renal failure with oligo-hydroamniosis; the mother and the neonate, at the end of the pregnancy, to:
- possible prolongation of bleeding time, an anti-aggregating effect which may occur even at very low doses.
- Inhibition of uterine contractions resulting in delayed or prolonged labour.
Consequently, ketoprofen is contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Lactation
No data are available on excretion of ketoprofen in human milk. Ketoprofen is not recommended in nursing mothers.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Patients should be warned about the potential for somnolence, dizziness or convulsions, drowsiness, fatigue and visual disturbances and be advised not to drive or operate machinery if these symptoms occur.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The following CIOMS frequency rating is used, when applicable:
Very common (
The following adverse reactions have been reported with Ketoprofen in adults:
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
- rare: haemorrhagic anaemia, anaemia due to bleeding
- not known: agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, bone marrow failure, neutropenia
Immune system disorders
- rare: anaphylactic reactions (including shock)
Psychiatric disorders
- not known: mood altered
Nervous system disorders
- uncommon: headache, dizziness, somnolence
- rare: paraesthesia
- not known: convulsions, dysgeusia, depression, confusion, hallucinations, vertigo, malaise, drowsiness, reports of aseptic meningitis (especially in patients with existing auto-immune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosis, mixed connective tissue disease) with symptoms such as stiff neck, headache, nausea, vomiting, fever or disorientation (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
Eye disorders
- rare: visual disturbances such as blurred vision (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use)
- not known: optic neuritis
Ear and labyrinth disorders
- rare: tinnitus
Cardiac disorders
- not known: heart failure, oedema
Vascular disorders
- not known: hypertension, vasodilatation
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
- rare: asthma, asthmatic attack
- not known: bronchospasm (particularly in patients with known hypersensitivity to ASA and other NSAIDs), rhinitis, non-specific allergic reactions, dyspnoea
Gastrointestinal disorders
- common: dyspepsia, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting
- uncommon: constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, gastritis
- rare: stomatitis, peptic ulcer
- very rare: pancreatitis (very rare reports of pancreatitis have been noted with NSAIDs)
- not known: exacerbation of colitis and Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal haemorrhage and perforation, gastralgia, melaena, haematemesis
Gastrointestinal bleeding may sometimes be fatal, particularly in the elderly (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
Hepatobiliary disorders
- rare: hepatitis, transaminases increased, elevated serum bilirubin due to hepatitis disorders
- not known: abnormal liver function, jaundice
Skin and subcutaneous disorders
- uncommon: rash, pruritis
- not known: photosensitivity reactions, alopecia, urticaria, angioedema, bullous eruption including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, exfoliative and bullous dermatoses (including epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme), purpura
Renal and urinary disorders
- not known: renal failure acute, tubulointerstitial nephritis, nephritic syndrome, renal function tests abnormal
General disorders and administration site conditions
- uncommon: oedema, fatigue
- not known: headache, taste perversion
Investigations
- rare: weight increased
Clinical trial and epidemiological data suggest that use of some NSAIDs (particularly at high doses and in long term treatment) may be associated with an increased risk of arterial thrombotic events (for example myocardial infarction or stroke) (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).
In all cases of major adverse effects Orudis should be withdrawn at once.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms
Cases of overdose have been reported with doses up to 2.5g of ketoprofen. In most instances, the symptoms observed have been benign and limited to lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain. Headache, rarely diarrhoea, disorientation, excitation, coma, dizziness, tinnitus, fainting, occasionally convulsions may also occur. Adverse effects seen after overdose with propionic acid derivatives such as hypotension, bronchospasm and gastro-intestinal haemorrhage should be anticipated.
In cases of significant poisoning, acute renal failure and liver damage are possible.
If renal failure is present, haemodialysis may be useful to remove circulating medicinal product.
Therapeutic measures:
There are no specific antidotes to ketoprofen overdosages. In cases of suspected massive overdosages, a gastric lavage is recommended and symptomatic and supportive treatment should be instituted to compensate for dehydration, to monitor urinary excretion and to correct acidosis, if present.
Within one hour of ingestion, consideration should be given to administering activated charcoal.
Alternatively, in adults, gastric lavage should be considered if the patient presents within 1 hour of ingesting a potentially toxic amount.
Good urine output should be ensured.
Renal and liver function should be closely monitored.
Patients should be observed for at least four hours after ingestion of potentially toxic amounts.
Frequent or prolonged convulsions should be treated with intravenous diazepam.
The benefit of gastric decontamination is uncertain.
Other measures may be indicated by the patient's clinical condition.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Ketoprofen overall has the properties of a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. It has the following pharmacological effects.
Anti-inflammatory
It inhibits the development of carageenan-induced abscesses in rats at 1mg/kg and UV-radiation induced erythema in guinea pigs at 6mg/kg. It is also a potent inhibitor of PGE2 and PGF2α synthesis in guinea pigs and human chopped lung preparations.
Analgesic
Ketoprofen effectively reduced visceral pain in mice caused by phenyl benzoquinone or by bradykinin following P.O. administration at about 6mg/kg.
Antipyretic
Ketoprofen (2 and 6mg/kg) inhibited hyperthermia caused by s.c. injection of brewer's yeast in rats and, at 1mg/kg, hyperthermia caused by i.v. administration of antigonococcal vaccine to rabbits.
Ketoprofen at 10mg/kg i.v. did not affect the cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous system or autonomic nervous systems.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Ketoprofen is completely absorbed from Orudis capsules and maximum plasma concentrations occur after ½ - 1 hour. It declines thereafter with a elimination half-life of about 2 - 3 hours. There is no accumulation on continued daily dosing.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
No additional data of relevance to the prescriber
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Lactose
|
Magnesium Stearate
|
|
Capsule shells
|
Red Iron Oxide
|
Titanium Dioxide (E171)
|
Gelatin
|
6.2 Incompatibilities
None stated.
6.3 Shelf Life
60 months
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Store in a dry place below 25°C. Protect from light.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Cardboard carton containing blister packs of 56 capsules
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
None stated
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Sanofi-aventis
One Onslow Street
Guildford
Surrey
GU1 4YS
UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 04425/0577
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
09/10/2006
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
11 May 2011
11. LEGAL CLASSIFICATION
POM
